Linux系统下查看硬件的方法全解析

在 Linux 系统中，查看硬件信息是系统管理和故障排除的重要步骤。通过查看硬件信息，我们可以了解系统的硬件配置、性能以及可能存在的问题。本文将介绍在 Linux 系统上查看硬件的各种方法，包括使用命令行工具和图形界面工具。

一、使用命令行工具查看硬件

1. lshw 命令：

– `lshw` 是一个强大的命令行工具，用于显示系统硬件的详细信息。它可以显示硬件的层次结构、设备名称、制造商、型号、驱动程序等信息。

– 要使用 `lshw` 命令，只需在终端中输入 `lshw` 并按下回车键。它将输出系统硬件的详细信息，包括主板、处理器、内存、存储设备、网络接口等。

– 例如，以下是使用 `lshw` 命令查看系统硬件信息的示例：

“`

$ lshw

*-cpu

description: CPU

product: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-9750H CPU @ 2.60GHz

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 4

bus info: cpu@0

version: CPU 9.2.11

slot: U3E1

size: 2560MHz

capacity: 4801MHz

width: 64 bits

clock: 100MHz

*-memory

description: System Memory

physical id: 60

slot: DIMM 0

size: 16GB

width: 64 bits

clock: 2666MHz

*-pci

description: Host bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1400

bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1402

bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1404

bus info: pci@0000:00:04.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1406

bus info: pci@0000:00:06.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1408

bus info: pci@0000:00:08.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 140a

bus info: pci@0000:00:0a.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 140c

bus info: pci@0000:00:0c.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 140e

bus info: pci@0000:00:0e.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1410

bus info: pci@0000:00:10.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1412

bus info: pci@0000:00:12.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1414

bus info: pci@0000:00:14.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1416

bus info: pci@0000:00:16.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1418

bus info: pci@0000:00:18.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 141a

bus info: pci@0000:00:1a.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 141c

bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 141e

bus info: pci@0000:00:1e.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1420

bus info: pci@0000:00:20.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1422

bus info: pci@0000:00:22.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1424

bus info: pci@0000:00:24.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1426

bus info: pci@0000:00:26.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1428

bus info: pci@0000:00:28.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 142a

bus info: pci@0000:00:2a.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 142c

bus info: pci@0000:00:2c.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 142e

bus info: pci@0000:00:2e.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1430

bus info: pci@0000:00:30.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1432

bus info: pci@0000:00:32.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1434

bus info: pci@0000:00:34.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1436

bus info: pci@0000:00:36.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 1438

bus info: pci@0000:00:38.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 143a

bus info: pci@0000:00:3a.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 143c

bus info: pci@0000:00:3c.0

size: 256MB

*-pci

description: PCI bridge

product: Intel Corporation Device 3e9b

vendor: Intel Corporation

physical id: 143e

bus info: pci@0000:00:3e.0

size: 256MB

“`

– 在上述示例中，`lshw` 命令输出了系统的 CPU、内存和各种 PCI 设备的详细信息。

2. dmidecode 命令：

– `dmidecode` 命令用于显示系统 DMI（Desktop Management Interface）信息，包括主板、处理器、内存、BIOS 等硬件的详细信息。

– 要使用 `dmidecode` 命令，只需在终端中输入 `dmidecode` 并按下回车键。它将输出系统硬件的详细信息，包括制造商、型号、序列号、BIOS 版本等。

– 例如，以下是使用 `dmidecode` 命令查看系统硬件信息的示例：

“`

$ dmidecode

# dmidecode 3.2

Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.

SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes

BIOS Information

Vendor: American Megatrends International LLC

Version: P1.20

Release Date: 07/16/2019

Address: 0xF0000

Runtime Size: 64 kB

ROM Size: 4 MB

Characteristics:

Pci is supported

Powered by ACPI

BIOS is upgradeable

BIOS shadowing is allowed

Boot from CD is supported

Selectable boot is supported

EDD is supported

5.25″/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)

3.5″/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)

3.5″/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)

Print screen service is supported (int 5h)

8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h)

Serial services are supported (int 14h)

Printer services are supported (int 17h)

ACPI is supported

USB legacy is supported

BIOS boot specification is supported

Targeted content distribution is supported

UEFI is supported

Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes

System Information

Manufacturer: Dell Inc.

Product Name: Latitude 7490

Version: 1.0

Serial Number: [SERIAL_NUMBER]

Wake-up Type: Power Switch

SKU Number: [SKU_NUMBER]

Family: Latitude

Handle 0x0002, DMI type 2, 13 bytes

Base Board Information

Manufacturer: Dell Inc.

Product Name: 082J08

Version: A00

Serial Number: [SERIAL_NUMBER]

Asset Tag: [ASSET_TAG]

Features:

Board is a hosting board

Board is replaceable

Board is hot-pluggable

Board is serviceable

Board is removable

Board is upgradeable

Handle 0x0003, DMI type 3, 23 bytes

Processor Information

Processor ID: [PROCESSOR_ID]

Processor Version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-9750H CPU @ 2.60GHz

Processor Family: 6

Processor Manufacturer: Intel Corporation

Processor Type: 8086

Processor Speed: 2560 MHz

External Clock: 100 MHz

Max Speed: 4801 MHz

Current Speed: 2560 MHz

Status: Populated, Enabled

Upgrade: Socket 4, LGA 14nm

Serial Number: [SERIAL_NUMBER]

Asset Tag: [ASSET_TAG]

Part Number: [PART_NUMBER]

Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 20 bytes

Cache Information

Level: 1

Type: Data

Size: 32 KB

Associativity: 8

Cache Type: Write Back

Line Size: 64 Bytes

Status: Populated, Enabled

Upgrade: Socket 4, LGA 14nm

Handle 0x0005, DMI type 4, 20 bytes

Cache Information

Level: 2

Type: Unified

Size: 256 KB

Associativity: 8

Cache Type: Write Back

Line Size: 64 Bytes

Status: Populated, Enabled

Upgrade: Socket 4, LGA 14nm

Handle 0x0006, DMI type 4, 20 bytes

Cache Information

Level: 3

Type: Unified

Size: 12 MB

Associativity: 16

Cache Type: Write Back

Line Size: 64 Bytes

Status: Populated, Enabled

Upgrade: Socket 4, LGA 14nm

Handle 0x0007, DMI type 5, 37 bytes

On-Board Devices

Device 0:

Description: Audio device

Manufacturer: Intel Corporation

Physical Id: 1f.3

Serial Number: [SERIAL_NUMBER]

Location Information: Internal

Bus Information: pci@0000:00:1f.3

Logical Name: /dev/snd/controlC0

Max Module Size: 0x20000

Module Type: PCI

Driver Version: 8.0.0

Driver Name: snd_hda_intel

Driver Attributes: Final

Device Enabled: Yes

Current Available (mA): 500

Maximum Available (mA): 500

Power Management Version: 1

Handle 0x0008, DMI type 5, 37 bytes

On-Board Devices

Device 1:

Description: Network controller

Manufacturer: Intel Corporation

Physical Id: 1f.2

Serial Number: [SERIAL_NUMBER]

Location Information: Internal

Bus Information: pci@0000:00:1f.2

Logical Name: /dev/net/tun

Max Module Size: 0x20000

Module Type: PCI

Driver Version: 24.0.0

Driver Name: iwlwifi

Driver Attributes: Final

Device Enabled: Yes